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古代私自贩盐为什么是重罪-食盐对执政的影响? - 全文

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-12-09 05:35:02

在悠长的封建制度中,食盐一直是只有由政府官方运营的特殊商品,学术界有观点觉得,这一制度早在西周末期就开始实施了,那时候实施这一制度最关键的缘故是抑止“庶家经济”的增加,使財富流入社会顶层,维护封建等级制度,保证皇家贵族的社会领导影响力。

之后的历代王朝都推行了这一制度,这当中的缘故有很多,关键分成政治、经济、军事三层面。从政治上看来,垄断食盐行业可以使封建王朝把握经济命脉,防止地方豪强发展壮大,威胁中央执政。从经济层面看来,政府运营食盐行业有益于扩大财政,从军事上看来,这一制度的实施在提升财政收入的基本上能够保证边防军饷的供给。

而民间私盐普遍商品流通得话,必定会减弱封建政府对民间的操纵,从而威胁社会秩序。因而,古时候政府对买卖私盐的人通常会施加重罪。

食盐官营的必要性决定了贩卖私盐为重罪

汉武帝时期“盐铁官营”制度的提出使食盐官营正式被建立出来,那时候桑弘羊提出盐铁政策,认为把本来容许民间运营的盐铁行业收归国有,由政府进行运营,这一政策实施后,汉朝的财政盈利甚多。之后的历代王朝都效仿了汉朝的这一作法。

政治方面

(1)保持了社会稳定

在封建王朝,政府运[文]营食盐行业时通常必[章]须依靠老百姓,例如[来]汉朝时,政府开设“[自]盐官”,由“盐官”[历]征募贫苦老百姓进行[史]“煮盐”,这一全过[大]程要应用政府提供的[全]生产工具和计量检定[网]工具。政府会依据生[文]产制造总数多少,给[章]老百姓提供酬劳。这[来]一作法,吸收了社会[自]中的空闲人力资本,[历]提升了老百姓收益,[史]降低了社会矛盾,保[大]持了社会稳定。

(2)防止地方割据势力的崛起

在整个封建王朝中,[全]盐业一直是赚钱行业[网],“贩私盐”也就变[文]成了一项盈利甚为丰[章]厚的项目,因此很多[来]人都添加了这一行业[自],慢慢地产生了盐帮[历]团体。

宋朝时乃至出現了民间持械聚众买卖私盐的状况,那时候的盐帮团体不但有着一定总数的武器,乃至早已产生了有充足经营规模的军队,他们在地方经常聚众斗殴,欺压百姓,乃至连官府都不当回事,这对中央的执政产生了巨大的威胁。

到了封建王朝中后期,有很多盐帮开始公然反对中央执政,例如唐朝时期知名的农民起义军领导者黄巢和王仙芝,这两人全是“贩私盐”出身的,明朝开国皇帝朱元璋在领导军队农民起义时也获得了盐帮的积极响应。由此可见,私盐贩的崛起对中央的执政而言拥有致命性的威胁,因而古时候官府对这些私盐贩子通常实施重刑。

经济方面

(1)保持社会经济稳定运转

食盐是人们生产制造[史]生活的必须品,具备[大]不能代替性,在生活[全]起居中人们必须要摄[网]取一定量的盐份才可[文]以保持人体运转,这[章]也就代表,老百姓对[来]食盐的消耗量极大,[自]食盐的需求弹性小,[历]即便价钱产生变化,[史]人们也几乎不会减少[大]对这类产品的消費。[全]假如在社会中广泛放[网]开私盐运营,那麼非[文]常容易出現大商人完[章]全垄断市场,提升食[来]盐价钱的局势。

这对人们的生活而言具备非常大的影响,因而政府垄断食盐行业有益于平稳食盐价钱,防止出现市场乱象,从而引起社会错乱。

(2)提升财政收入

在汉高祖刘邦登上帝位后,以前将盐业经营权下发给个人,吕后当权阶段尽管对食盐行业进行过限定,下达了“禁令”。可是在汉文帝称帝后,仍然容许民间运营食盐行业,政府的这种宽松的政策造成那时候民间出現了许多 富商大贾。知名的有南阳孔氏,蜀地卓氏等。这种大商人能量持续发展壮大,慢慢地把握了经济命脉,变成了与中央政权相匹敌的社会势力,这严重威胁到了封建国家的执政。

汉武帝中后期,由于数次发兵匈奴,军费开支极大,再加年年的天灾持续,造成老百姓们四处逃亡,财政空虚。在这类局势下,官府不可向这些大商人进行借贷,可是这种商人仗着自身能量极大,拒绝将財富出借国家。在桑弘羊的提议下,汉武帝采用了“盐铁官营”的政策,没多久财政充盈,这种富商大贾的实力大大的挫败。

(3)盐业盈利高

早在唐朝时期,盐业就变成了封建王朝最重要的财政收入,在刘晏改革盐政后,也是出現了“天下之赋,盐利居半”的状况。

食盐具备其他产品沒[自]有的特点,首先,食[历]盐是关键的生活必需[史]品,生产方式极为简[大]洁明了,生产制造地[全]大多数集中化在沿海[网]城市,国家非常容易[文]监管。次之,食盐这[章]类商品种类差别小,[来]不会有显著的消費喜[自]好,这也就代表政府[历]在运营食盐产业链时[史]能够将不同产地的食[大]盐进行替代,防止出[全]现交货不够的状况。[网]

食盐的这两个特点,让它变成了封建政府,运营更为便捷,盈利更为巨额的行业。以便提升财政收入,政府必定不会将食盐的经营权下放进民间。

军事缘故

大家都知道,军事行动不可或缺财政支持,食盐官营在充盈财政的另外,为军事活动提供了粮饷贮备,提升了国家军事实力。威慑了中华王朝以外的少数民族政权,确保了边疆地区的平静。另外食盐官营还可以防止国家內部出現地方军事实力的坐大,对中央造成威胁的局势。

从理论上而言,在冷兵器时代,要是操纵得了像食盐、冶铁等在人们生活中不可或缺的商品,就可以降低叛变的产生。

私盐泛滥的危害性

买卖私盐的状况,最开始出現在春秋时期的齐国,到了唐朝时期,伴随着藩镇割据状况的加重,中央政府财政空虚,以便提升财政收入,发展壮大军事实力,政府将食盐价钱提升了许多 ,而且因为地方势力的发展壮大出現了供求平衡不够的状况,在这类局势下老百姓们迫不得已选购私盐。到了唐朝五代时期,大量人看到了买卖私盐的盈利,陆续添加当中,乃至连官员都开始贩私盐。

到了宋朝这类状况更为严重,这给宋朝的政治经济学造成了极大的影响,那时候福建路西部的建州等地域由于地形险要,杜绝中央监管,私盐买卖状况极其严重。本地老百姓十有五六都以贩私盐谋生。并且在这里一时期,“私盐贩”们早已产生了团体,经常与政府进行抵御。

到了清朝时期,私盐买卖也是抵达了巅峰,不但参加人员诸多,构造也极为繁杂,范围也是覆盖全国,乃至出現了广泛的聚众贩卖状况。由此可见私盐的商品流通造成了社会动荡,威胁了中央执政,因此历代王朝封建王朝都以严苛的刑法来威慑私盐买卖状况。

在其中更为苛刻的律例是五代时期的后汉,后汉政府要求,不管贩运私盐的总数多少,一律处以死刑。不难看出,封建政府对私营买卖行为的深恶痛绝。

总结:

封建王朝严苛把控食盐运营,最关键的目地是以便维护封建统治,可是我们要见到,即便历代王朝都把私盐贩子列入重罪,可是这一状况一直也没有消失,这是由于私盐买卖的直接原因是在官营标准下,食盐价钱的日渐上升,和品质的持续降低。因此古时候政府要想避免民间买卖私营状况,最应当做的并不是杀一儆百,而是提升官盐的竞争力


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