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柔然国被谁灭了-柔然族起源到灭亡历史

来源：名资汇网 caiji007 2023-10-02 06:35:02

柔然被称为草原第三帝国，前面的大哥是匈奴，二哥是鲜卑。在柔然之后，兄弟们依次是突厥、回鹘、辽、金、蒙古等。但在生存时间上，柔然是最短暂的，从公元402年建立至555完全消失于漠北草原，历时153年。所以，不管和上面提到的这些游牧民族相比，他的国祚都是最短的。于是，柔然又被称为“昙花一现的游牧帝国”。

柔软崛起和发展

由于柔然是一个混血儿，起源也无人考证，所以有人推测他们是匈奴旁支、东胡苗裔、塞外诸胡等。总之，与草原上众多游牧民族有一定的关系。

根据记载，柔然的始[文]祖是草原游民，名叫[章]木骨闾，后依附拓跋[来]鲜卑，充当他的骑奴[自]。约在公元3世纪末[历]，木骨闾率领100[史]多个部族逃离拓跋鲜[大]卑部，然后在阴山北[全]部的意辛山一带建立[网]自己的大本营。

此时的木骨闾不过是[文]虚有其表。事实上，[章]他还是唯拓跋鲜卑马[来]首是瞻，而且从他的[自]儿子车鹿会，孙子吐[历]奴役，没有改变这个[史]事实。

然而，在五胡十六国[大]中原争霸时期，柔然[全]才开始真正展露实力[网]。也许是为了保留实[文]力，或者是急于单飞[章]，所以当前秦进攻拓[来]跋鲜卑的代国时，柔[自]然选择了驻守，然后[历]又投奔了铁弗匈奴刘[史]卫辰部。

因此，在拓跋鲜卑建[大]魏之后，第一时间收[全]拾了昔日的“叛徒”[网]。于是，柔然两大首[文]领匹侯跋和温汗都立[章]即宣布投降北魏。很[来]明显，北魏不再像从[自]前那样信任柔然，于[历]是柔然再次成为北魏[史]的奴才。

4世纪末，温汗的儿子社仑杀死了苟安在北魏之下的匹侯跋，然后率部远征，彻底远离北魏。而且那时的北魏又把目光放在中原，对柔然就采取了放任的态度。不料，正是北魏纵虎归山，才给了社仑发展壮大的机会。

公元402年，北魏道武帝天兴五年，社仑自称“丘豆伐可汗”，柔然汗国才正式诞生。25年后，柔然统一漠北草原，建立东起大兴安岭；南心阴山同北魏分界；西与阿尔泰山接壤，属准噶尔盆地；与焉耆王国毗邻；北抵贝加尔湖很明显，匈奴当时的版图是多少，今天的柔然版图就有多大。

柔然消亡的复杂过程

柔性的消亡过程是复杂的，当柔然灭亡之时，北魏政权就已分裂成东、西魏两个政权，并蜕变为北齐。并且，柔然不仅与北魏、东魏、西魏、北齐有着剪不断理的恩怨纠葛，而且与高车国纠缠不休，但最后给了柔然致命一击的是他曾经的“锻奴”突厥。

公元前429年，北魏太武帝拓跋焘突然袭击柔然，可汗大檀战败，郁郁寡欢，汗国遭到摧残，部众四分五裂。此后，大檀之的子孙开始卧薪尝胆，中兴的长途跋涉。其后，元气稍有恢复的柔然与北魏再进行了几次交手，结果无一胜算。公元前492年，那盖(大擅曾孙)继承了汗位，史称侯其伏代库者可汗。之后的十多年里，柔然在那盖的统治下，实现了真正的中兴。

公元前504年，柔[大]然兵分六路攻北魏，[全]斩获颇丰。明显战胜[网]北魏之战使柔然信心[文]倍增，于是又开始攻[章]打前面的高车，占领[来]了西域。不过，理想[自]很丰满，实现分不开[历]，和北魏、高车双线[史]作战让柔然筋疲力尽[大]，焦躁不安。刚即位[全]的那盖之子伏图，在[网]征战高车时病逝了。[文]后来又是伏图之子丑[章]奴继承了汗位。

丑奴为父报仇，采取了“近战攻打”的策略，先攻打北魏，然后征西高车。就这样，高车被一举攻破，高车王弥俄的头骨被丑奴做成淹死。报仇成功的丑奴得意洋洋，贪图享乐，很快就娶了一个萨满圣女为妻。不料，圣女是个有野心的女子，因而把汗国搞得乌烟瘴气，丑奴之子也被圣女杀死。之后，高车新首领阿至罗前来进攻，丑奴战死了，汗位由他的弟阿那亚继承。

即位后不久，阿那夏爆发了一场政变，阿那河的伯父婆罗门就不复存在了，于是汗国被一分为二。很明显，柔然分崩离析的最大受益者是北魏，因为两个大汗忙着打仗也顾不上再打北魏的主意。然而，历史很快就对北魏开了一个玩笑，柔然不久就被阿那不勒斯重新统一，而北魏却因“六镇起义”而走向分裂，并分割出东魏西魏两个对立的政权。

史无前例的轮回、北魏的分裂，柔然再次成为受益方，因为柔然成为两国争相拉拢的对象。而且柔然对双方的利益关系不感兴趣。出生于忧患死于安乐，正如柔然春风得意时，孰不知危险悄然而至。一是高车王国从未放弃消灭柔然的决心，二来手下“锻工”突厥已经偷偷强盛起来。

柔然国被谁灭了

公元前546年，高车突然袭击柔然，而打退高车的正是突厥人。所以，突厥首领土门自以为功在千秋，于是向阿那不提出娶柔然公主为妻的请求。阿那不勒斯根本就不把突厥人放在眼里，于是一口回绝土门的“非分之想”，突厥遂和柔然反目。

公元前552年，突厥联合高车攻打柔然，可汗阿那不勒斯败下阵来，他的儿子罗辰出走，将他安排在这一地区(今山西朔县)。可是庵罗辰不甘心接受国破家亡的现实，于是两年又率部回到漠北，准备东山再起。很快，庵罗辰率部进入北齐进行抢劫，结果可贺敦(妻子)和3万多人被俘。庵罗辰侥幸逃脱。

得知菴罗辰失败的消息后，留守漠北草原上的柔然余部一分为二，东部以铁伐为首领，西部拥阿那瓌的叔叔邓叔子为首领。分散的二部在北齐与西魏之间东躲西藏，最终在突厥人的穷追猛打之下彻底灭亡。幸存的少数残部则随菴罗辰向西迁移，寻找新的家园。

历史百科全书 历史大全
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