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[小提琴结构示意图]电子小提琴的详细结构介绍

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-09-16 05:05:03

  小提琴是现在很多人学习的乐器之一,所以估计有很多人想要知道小提琴的一些知识。下面小编就给大家介绍一下小提琴的简介吧!

  小提琴的简介

  小提琴是一种弦乐器。总共有四根弦。靠弦和弓摩擦发出声音。小提琴琴身(共鸣箱)长约35.5厘米,由具有弧度的面板、背板和侧板粘合而成。

  面板常用云杉制作,质地较软;背板和侧板用枫木,红木,质地较硬。琴头、琴颈用整条枫木,指板用乌木。

  小提琴广泛流传于世界各国,是现代管弦乐队弦乐组中最主要的乐器。它在器乐中占非常重要的地位,是现代交响乐队的支柱,也是具有高难度演奏技巧的独奏乐器,与钢琴、古典吉他并称为世界三大乐器。

  小提琴的演奏技巧

  小提琴属于歌唱性的旋律乐器。因此,如何在小提琴上发出歌唱般的丰满、动听的声音,是小提琴演奏中最为重要的问题。就小提琴的演奏技术来说,有以下各种主要基本功。

  握弓

  右手握弓,拇指尖须紧靠螺旋套(弓根),其他手指执住弓杆,使手背成自然弧形。手指需要柔软的弯曲。弓杆位于食指、中指、无名指的末节中(即指端),拇指恰与中指相对,小指的指尖,轻松的放在弓杆上,使易于适应需要,向前或向后移动(上弓时向前移动,下弓时向后移动)。四指之间,略须靠拢,不可单独分开,否则显得笨拙而不雅观。

  运弓

  优秀的演奏家能在小提琴上发出千变万化的声音,就运弓而言,取决于运弓的速度、弓在弦上的压力以及弓和弦的接触点这3种因素的不同结合。小提琴的弓法繁多,就其主要的有以下几种:①分弓:一弓演奏一个音,音要拉的干净,清楚;②连弓:一弓演奏许多音,在很多乐曲中都会用到,是最常用的弓法之一;③顿弓:音与音之间断开;④跳弓:弓毛离开琴弦。这4类弓法是最基本的,在20世纪中期,连顿弓,即在一弓中连续快速演奏许多音与音之间是断开的音,被人视为绝技,随后又出现了自然跳弓,即弓毛在琴弦上,而听起来或看起来像跳弓一样。所以人们把小提琴演奏艺术称之为运弓的艺术。

  音准

  歌唱和乐器演奏中所发的音高,能与一定律制的音高相符,称为音准。有些乐器在制造或调音时就有音准要求。歌唱和乐器演奏过程中,随时都要通过演唱者和演奏者的控制来解决音准。音准的取得,有赖于敏锐的听觉、优良的乐器、精湛的技巧与适宜的演出环境。乐器的形体结构、音孔位置、张力变化以及空气湿度,包括琴的各个部件的配合.都与音准有关。就弦乐器讲,长时间演奏及气温上升,均使弦松弛,因此弦乐器音准的突出问题是如何矫正偏低。就管乐器讲,虽然气温上升使管体略微伸长,但同时气压降低,声速提高,频率也随之增高(据实测,气温每升10℃可使管乐器发音升高3音分),因此管乐器音准的突出问题是如何矫正偏高。歌唱及弦乐器、管乐器的音准,当有钢琴伴奏时,都以平均律为准则;但由于平均律的许多音程听起来并不严格协和,所以在独唱、独奏、重唱、重奏时,常常需要偏离平均律而趋近纯律或五度相生律,才算达到音准要求。

  音级

  具有七个唱名(do、re、mi、fa、sol、la、si)或音名(C、D、E、F、G、A、B)中任何一个名称的音,每一音级有数种不同的音高,用变化音记号区别,各音级之间的相互关系为音乐中一切音高关系的基础。

  揉弦

  揉弦是小提琴,二胡,吉他等弦乐演奏所掌握的最具表现力的演奏技巧之一。在乐句适当的地方加上适当的揉弦,会比没有揉弦的乐句在声音上要生动的多。

  揉弦是一个小提琴演奏很有表现力的技巧,用它可以来表现不同风格和特征的每一个音或每一个乐段。揉弦的要点是怎样找到手的最佳动作,用速度快慢、揉弦宽窄来演奏出每一个乐段独特的风格和特征。

  肘臂揉弦和手腕揉弦,两者都要练习。以能够表现出最好的音乐特征,来选择揉弦的速度和宽窄。

  在手腕前后揉动时,带动手指的关节,手指的触弦点不能随着手腕的揉动而移位。在练习手腕揉弦时,可先从三指开始。因为用三指揉动可以使动作更为宽松,然后再练习二指和一指。而练习四指时,还可将三指紧靠四指帮助揉动。这样的练习会使颤动的效果更为自如。在手腕揉弦练习的基础上也可逐渐学习和熟悉手臂的揉弦和手指的揉弦。目的是为了更好的丰富演奏上的表现力,适应于各种力度和情绪变化的需要。

  把位

  左手手指在指板上的位置,称之为把位。靠近琴头的把位为低把,靠近琴马的为高把。从一个把位换到另一个把位,称为换把。换把位的方法有多种,例如空弦换把,同指换把,不同指以及泛音换把等。换把时产生非演奏需要的滑音,是技巧训练不足的标志。部分情况下,滑音可以使音与音之间的连接富于变化,增加一个优美的过度。特别是结合换把使用滑音,是一种富于表现力的演奏手段。

  双手技巧

  小提琴的左手技巧:音阶、双音、换把、揉弦、泛音、左手拨弦。

  右手技巧有:连弓、分弓、顿弓、连顿弓、跳弓、波弓、击弓、碎弓、右手拨弦。

  注:在不拉小提琴的时候,一定要把琴弓松开。长期紧绷会缩短使用寿命。

  小提琴的基本构造

  小提琴由30多个零件组成。其主要构件有琴头、琴身、琴颈、弦轴、琴弦、琴马、腮托、琴弓、面板、侧板、音柱等。小提琴共有四根弦,分为:1弦(E弦)、2弦(A弦)、3弦(D弦)和4弦(G弦)。小提琴琴身(共鸣箱)长约35.5厘米,由具有弧度的面板、背板和侧板粘合而成。面板常用云杉制作,质地较软;背板和侧板用枫木,质地较硬。琴头、琴颈用整条枫木,指板用乌木。小提琴的音质基本上取决于它的木质和相应的结构,取决于木材的振动频率和它对弦振动的反应。优质琴能把发出的每个声音的基音和泛音都同样灵敏地传播出去。

  小提琴有琴弦4根,原均为羊肠制的裸弦,约从18世纪起,低音G弦常包以银丝,使其反应灵敏。现代则将G、D、A3根弦用缠金属丝的羊肠弦或钢丝缠弦,晚近也用尼龙弦。E弦改用钢丝弦,使其在高音区的音色更佳。

  小提琴制作成现代这种样式,并非完全从形态美观出发,而是有其音响上和演奏上的需要。小提琴面板和背板有弧度,使其共鸣良好,发音洪亮;琴的腰身狭窄,便于演奏高把位和低音弦;面板和背板加嵌条,除防止木板开裂外,对琴的音质也起一定作用。面板与背板中间有音柱支撑,其位置变化对小提琴音色影响明显。面板左下方粘低音梁,既起加固作用,又具音响作用。小提琴表面的油漆如太硬、太软,或

  漆得不匀,都会有损于音质。当琴弓与琴弦摩擦使琴弦振动时,通过琴马引起面板振动,又通过音柱使背板振动,E弦振动较少,而G弦振动较大,从而使低音梁有更大的振动,并造成共鸣箱振动。能否使琴声得以充分发挥,取决于琴弦及其张力、琴马质量、运弓的压力和速度。要想把琴的各种音质都表达出来,还要加上演奏者的弓法、指法和揉弦、弹弦等演奏技巧。

  琴弓作为乐器的附加物,最早出现在拜占庭帝国时代,但其价值就如平民老百姓一般身份低下,究其原因是与弹拨方法所产生的声音相比,运弓生成的音质实在是太弱。到11世纪伊斯兰征服者入侵西班牙时,把琴弓带到了欧洲,不到100年的时间即为西欧社会所熟悉,并被广泛使用。

  小提琴的器乐分类

  小提琴分电子小提琴和木琴两种,两者发声原理迥乎不同。

  电子小提琴与普通小提琴最主要的区别是电子小提琴不用共鸣箱,不像普通小提琴一样通过音柱带动共鸣箱内的空气振动发声,所以弦的震动要靠琴弦根部下方的几个磁拾音器(就像电吉他的一样)拾取,然后通过音响放大。也可以使用耳机,在练习时可以不影响他人。所以电子小提琴的共鸣箱只是个摆设。电小提琴不插电也能拉响,但那个声音根本不像是小提琴,而且声音极小,就像蚊子叫。不少大一些的琴行都有卖电子小提琴,一种是有自己的共鸣体的,和普通提琴外形相同,只不过多了一个拾音器,类似于吉他家族中的箱琴;还有一种是电子调音共鸣的,没有共鸣体,看上去是楼空的那种,通过电子电路对微弱的振动进行拾取放大及调音。

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