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晋商为什么能在清朝迅速崛起-八大晋商为什么集体覆灭了-晋商文化衰落的原因? - 全文

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-12-09 06:35:02

“八大晋商”指的是满清入关之后顺治帝册立的山西八大商业大家族,他们在明朝末年的情况下,挺而走险为满洲运输了关键的战略物资,为满人入关立过了大功。有关晋商的覆灭最关键的缘故是那时候的时代特征。

“晋商”做为一个地区性的商帮获得了皇家的青睐,那麼它的运势和归处当然离不开国家命运的影响,因而政治的动荡不安是那时候晋商灭亡的关键缘故之一。此外,清朝时期闭关自守导致了我国生产主力极其落伍使晋商在与洋人的市场需求中处在落伍地位。

清朝国运衰落

康熙、乾隆、雍正三朝是全部清朝政治过程中的全盛时期。同时在这里一时期“晋商”也发展到了兴盛。乾隆二十年,乾隆将“持盈保泰”做为施政的基本方略。此后清朝的发展趋向缓和,执政者不求上进,沉醉在天朝上国的好梦之中,孰不知这时的这一施政方严重略影响到了大清朝最后的运势。

到了鸦片战争之后,清朝的好梦被帝国主义的坚船利炮打破,此外,清政府被逼签署了一系列不公平的不平等条约,根据这种不平等条约,帝国主义顺利进入到了中国市场。这时的清政府为了赔偿款,增加了对各个领域对压榨,在中国海外的双重压力下,“晋商”当地的销货市场慢慢变小,在进出口贸易中的地位也遭受了严重的挑戰。

晋商的三大主导产业是茶叶、盐业和票号,在其中茶产业的转变最为典型。鸦片战争以前,晋商与俄商中间保持着平稳的茶叶貿易,自道光十七年开始,从恰克图输往俄国的茶叶每一年都能够达到4000万卢布以上,但是在鸦片战争以后,俄国获得了沿海地区港口的通商权,开始深层次中国大陆掠取物产丰富,倾销产品,到了同治元年,俄国在湖北省、湖南省等茶叶原产地创建了茶栈专门用于收购茶叶,而且这时俄国在收购茶叶时具有半税的权利。

而这时的晋商茶产业[文]呢?不但失去俄国这[章]一极大市场,还失去[来]湖南省、湖北省这两[自]个关键的茶叶产业基[历]地。晋商的茶叶在贩[史]运时要向政府缴纳厘[大]税,而俄国的商人却[全]具有权利,相较起來[网],俄国的茶叶当然比[文]晋商的茶叶低成本,[章]竞争能力强。

除了茶产业外,别的两个主导产业也没能列外,遭遇着清政府和投资者的双重被压迫,中国市场销售日渐变小,为了降低亏损,“晋商”的商业运营资产也很多降低,伴随着国运的没落,“晋商”最后也没落了下来。

“晋商”的政治挑选

早清朝前期,“晋商”就遭受了皇家皇室的青睐,清朝建都北京后“晋商”针对大清的统一和发展都作出了极大的贡献,例如,在平息准格尔布的“西征战争”中,晋商范永斗的子孙后代就为政府担负起了为钱先运送粮饷的严峻任务,在运送过程中粮饷被对手所劫,范家就用自己的银子前往填补。尽管和清政府的婚姻关系推动了晋商的快速发展,但这类关系也加快了晋商的灭亡。

鸦片战争以后,帝国[来]主义向清政府索取了[自]高额赔偿款。但是伴[历]随着洋货、大烟的很[史]多输入,传统式的小[大]农经济早就被摧毁消[全]失殆尽,关税主权的[网]缺失也是让大清财政[文]空虚。为了更改这类[章]局势,从咸丰年间开[来]始政府大开“捐纳”[自]

晋商群体积极参加“捐纳”,这在其中的缘故关键有两项,第一是和清政府密不可分的关系,次之也是最重要的,在封建制度中商人们通常会对自身的身份造成不自信,因此便会费尽心思各种方法改变现状的身份,晋商群体也是这般。据调查,自咸丰二年二月至咸丰三年元月,仅一年時间,晋商就向中央政府捐献白银160万两,达到了全国捐输数量的40%以上。

太平天国运动阶段,官府急缺军饷供求平衡部队,因此便将搜集粮饷的重担交到了实力雄厚的山西票号。除了搜集军饷之外,山西票号还承担为清政府筹备、抵还债务等事务。可以说那时候的山西票号早已变成了清政府的财政支撑。清政府的这类密不可分关系,在给山西票号产生荣誉的同时,也为山西票号产生了累累的债务。

辛亥革命之后,山西票号发放贷款给清政府的巨额账款无法取回,最后山西票号只能被北洋政府查封,以前光辉无比的山西票号最后覆灭。

“八大晋商”覆灭的经济缘故

清政府后半期,清政府的腐败相貌暴露无遗,官员徇私枉法,骄奢淫逸,军事腐败没什么战斗能力。在这类状况下主要矛盾日趋严重,暴发了近百起农民起义运动。

那时候的土地制度十[历]分松弛,土地兼并状[史]况极为严重,在这类[大]情况下土地权集中精[全]力,而土地使用权却[网]十分分散化,因而传[文]统式的小农经济在这[章]时获得了提高,这严[来]重阻拦了资产阶级经[自]济的发展。

此外清政府却提高了对老百姓的剥削,自咸丰开始,官府加派了许多苛捐杂税,到了光绪年间状况更为严重,这极大伤害到了老百姓们的生产积极性。

此外因为清朝执政者天朝上国的观念,西方国家优秀科技进步很难在中国广泛运用起来。在西方国家大工厂制度生产的同时,在农业上,我国仍然执行以个体为单位,以自己自足为目地的小农生产方式,农业产品技术化水平极低。在工业生产上,尽管我国山西地区的自然资源十分丰富多彩,也产生了冶炼厂,锻造,纺织品等生产工艺,但是,这种技术性所有应用的是手工生产,生产出去的产品品种单一,品质也无法得到确保。

而在这段时间,欧洲早就完成了科技革命保持了社会变革,伴随着蒸汽机的普遍应用,欧洲的商品生产早就保持了规模化产业发展,他们将商品源源不断地输入中国,因为价廉物美,迅速国外产品攻占了中国市场。而中华传统的手工业者生产模式,也慢慢撤出了市场。

“八大晋商”覆灭的自身缘故

“晋商”的覆灭和他们自身“守成求稳”的治商观念拥有 极大的缘故。在旧思想的陶冶下,“晋商”固守“以末发家,以本守之”的商业信念。在我国古代,因为“重农抑商”观念的发展,许多商人在挣钱以后不考虑作为项目投资去造就更大的財富,反倒想着购买土地或是投身于“八股”。

许多晋商也通常会在自身工作的鼎盛时期,将財富作为购买土地,修建房子,建造墓葬等层面,据历史资料记述,清朝年间有商人在河南做生意得到好几十万两的白银,荣归故里用这种財富去购买土地,他名下的土地快速提高了600多顷。到了清朝中期,奢靡之风在晋商之中弥漫着起来,此后晋商人士,“急于享受,而不求再进”。由此可见这类落伍的商业观念使晋商所得到的財富沒有获得合理的运用,

而阶段欧洲早就打开[历]了大加工厂时期,在[史]这类局势下传统式的[大]小农经济生产模式又[全]怎能与科技革命后的[网]大加工厂生产方式相[文]匹敌呢?

总结:

“八大晋商”覆灭的[章]缘故有很多,但综上[来]所述是时期的影响。[自]他们和政府中间的关[历]系过度密不可分,这[史]尽管在前期有利于晋[大]商的稳步发展,可是[全]这最后也造成晋商的[网]发展离不开政府的扶[文]持,在这类状况下,[章]要是政府一垮台晋商[来]就离不开覆灭的結果[自]


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