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古代为何重农抑商-重农抑商政策的影响? - 全文

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-08-25 06:35:00

“重农抑商”一直以来全是被中国封建社会政党誉为国策给予实行,要了解我国古时社会为何推行这种政策,还要从这一政策的发源和发展及其影响进行说起。

重农抑商政策的来源

中国古代是江河文明,与西方国家以商业为主体的海洋文明不一样,江河文明要以农业为主体的,因此中国古代十分重视农业发展

夏朝、殷商与西汉在农业层面实行井田制,土地收归国有,天下共主将土地和老百姓分封给多方诸侯国,农户在土地上耕地,为此得到生活资料,可是伴随着社会的发展,这种制度显而易见满足不了诸侯国和老百姓的需要。春秋时期,周王室衰弱,分封制分裂,人的全面发展对经济基础产生很大影响,井田制也会跟着灭亡。诸侯国之间互相讨伐,战事不断,加上那个时期医疗水准比较有限,许多战土无法得到有效治疗,伤亡人数锐增,

在井田上耕地的农户不断降低,积极性也大大的降低,老百姓为了避开战争四处迁移,很多农田因此废置没有人耕地。为了提升农户的制造积极性,很多诸侯王都依次开展变法维新,认可土地私有,鲁国初税亩,对个人土地也开展缴税,这事实上是对私有土地的一种变向认可,秦朝商鞅变法则直接在法律上认可了土地私有,维护了自耕农的权益。秦朝商鞅变法在认可私有土地合理合法以外,也提出了重农抑商政策。

重农抑商政策的产生[文]伴随封建社会的萌芽[章]期与发展,重农抑商[来]政策产生于封建社会[自]萌芽期产生发展的春[历]秋战国,发展于封建[史]社会强盛的秦汉。

秦朝商鞅变法提出了重农抑商政策,商鞅觉得农业是封建制国家存有的经济基础,农业税是封建制国家的关键税收来源,商业不利社会平稳与国家执政的牢固。

(商鞅)

商鞅是法家的代表人物,法家倡导法术势,主张君主应当以一定的方式掌控臣民,古时社会是封建社会君主制国家,历代王朝统治者通常觉得天下是他们一姓之家的,財富理应把握在他们手上,可是商业容易使一些贫民越来越富有,家财万贯乃至富可敌国,一旦经济发展整体实力获得提高,商人就会需求获得相对的政治权利,会需求开展相对的社会变革,假如他们的政冶需求无法得到满足,他们就会协同农户开展从下往上的政冶革命。这对统治者是大大的不利的,因此,商鞅提出的重农抑商政策合乎法家提升君王权利的主张,而且这一政策也维护了君王的利益,因此一经提出就为统治者所重视。

秦朝商鞅变法提出重[大]农抑商政策后,秦朝[全]的农业整体实力大大[网]的提升,在春秋时期[文],诸侯国之间的战事[章]不断,与商业对比,[来]农业在那个时期更为[自]关键,农业税不但是[历]国家税收的关键来源[史],而且农户都是繁杂[大]的徭役和兵役的关键[全]承担者。

因此,这一政策获得了秦国历代君王的认同和落实,而且这一政策也大大的提高了秦朝的军事力量和农业整体实力,对比别的诸侯王,秦朝的能量更为的强劲,这也为秦国统一六国确立了经济基础。

重农抑商政策的产生和发展

“重农抑商”的政策[网]进行于春秋时期,魏[文]国的李悝变法宣布废[章]止了传统的井田制,[来]采用“尽地力之教”[自]的政策,激励群众开[历]垦,发展生产主力,[史]容许土地私有交易。[大]

李悝的这一变法维新不但解开了战国各诸侯王变法运动的帷幕,并且在魏国最先建立了土地私有制是中国在历史上封建社会土地制度宣布建立的标示。秦朝商鞅变法,奖赏耕织、控制富贾为秦朝的统一战事确立经济基础。秦始皇统一六国后,以法家为统治观念,再次坚持重农抑制政策,巩固自己的统治。

秦代亡国后,汉代再度创建了大一统皇朝,在萧何的主张下,汉承秦制,承继了秦代的很多制度。历经长时期的战争,汉代创建前期社会错乱、动荡,秦代时期发展起來的经济发展在战争的时候被毁坏,因此在汉代创建之初,经济发展凋敝,皇帝交通出行乃至找不着毛色同样的宝马。汉代尽管崇敬儒家文化为正统思想,可是事实上是外儒内法,

在皇帝开展执政时参考的仍是法家思想,因此,重农抑商政策在这一时候也获得了落实和发展。汉代创建前期,为了修复农业发展,推行了十分严峻的重农抑商政策。统治者一声令下不许商人穿绸缎衣服,不许商人用到牛车,而且对商人“重租税以困辱之”。汉武帝时期也是直接一声令下将盐铁收归官营,商人接到了统治者的政策捏压,在社会上也产生了“士农工商”的固有观点,商人的地位十分低下,可是“法律贱商人,商人已富贵矣”,商业仍是获得了发展。

来到唐宋时期,重农抑商政策依然被统治者坚持不懈落实,可是相对性于前代来讲,这时的政策早已沒有那麼严苛。唐宋几代发展了坊市制度,汉代时期的坊市制度要求严实,开市闭市時间都有严苛要求。来到唐宋几代,出現了草市,坊市制度都没有之前那般严苛,而且在宋朝时期商业税收变成国家的关键税收来源,宋朝经济贸易前所未有繁荣昌盛。唐宋几代的国外貿易也获得了发展,唐朝出現了海上丝绸之路。

元朝是少数民族政党,与之前的少数民族政党开展充足的汉化改革创新不一样,元朝的汉化并沒有那麼完全,元朝的统治者与前代统治者一样重农,制订了十分详尽的对策,而且又重视至极,可是元朝统治者并不是控制商业发展,不抑商是元朝的经济发展国策,元朝的经济发展与获得了发展。

明清时期依然贯彻落[全]实重农抑商政策,统[网]治者特别强调农业为[文]本业,商业为末业,[章]控制土地兼并,避免[来]农户大量破产,维护[自]自耕农,牢固农业基[历]本,推进国家的经济[史]基础,

明清两朝还加强户籍管理,限定人口流动性,避免农业人口的外流。为了控制商业发展,明清两朝还建立巨大的官营手工业,与家庭手工业一起抑制私营手工业的发展。可是商业仍在不断发展,明清时期出現了四大名镇,民俗手工业也变成主体产业链,而且在明朝末年,一些手工业部门还出現了资本主义萌芽。

重农抑商政策的影响

自春秋时期实行的重[大]农抑商政策,是古代[全]中国封建社会的关键[网]组成部分,在数千年[文]的历史中充分发挥着[章]关键的推进执政的作[来]用,可是这一政策也[自]有不利的层面。

从积极主动影响而言,重农抑商政策在实行之初,牢固了农业发展,平稳了一个国家的经济基础,有益于社会的平稳和睦,确保了国家的税收来源,合乎统治者的需求。

可是伴随着时期的转[历]型,这一政策显而易[史]见早已不符社会发展[大]的需要,重农抑商政[全]策限定初期市场经济[网]的发展,不利社会生[文]产主力的发展。

“重农抑商”政策造成土地在国家经济发展中的影响力不断提升,因此一旦人们富有就想去圈买土地,富有的大地主官僚不断兼并土地,土地高度集中在这种人手上,农户破产逃亡,灾民增加,社会上的不平稳要素也增加了,不利国家的牢固和社会的稳定,影响了农业的发展,恶化了统治阶级与贫民阶层之间的分歧,农民战争不断暴发。大地主官僚集团也变得越来越腐败。

来到明清时期,一些[章]手工业部门早已出現[来]了资本主义萌芽,可[自]是统治者却依然坚持[历]不懈重农抑商政策,[史]限定农业发展,这都[大]是中国在那时候落伍[全]于全球的关键因素。[网]


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