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如何评价历史上的张廷玉-张廷玉结局正说明张廷玉的厉害之处 - 全文

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-08-10 08:35:00

通过检索张廷玉的关键词,我们可以看出,他是权力中心、礼部尚书、兵部尚书、保和殿大学士(内阁首辅)、总兵官、三朝元老。

礼、祭、学、科举、外交等都是礼部尚书,相当于现在的中宣部部长+外交部长+教育部部长+文化部部长。尚书是国家财政的总管,相当于现在的财政大臣。“吏部史”是负责选拔、任用下级官员,相当于现在的组织部部长。保和殿大学士兼军机大臣为审办大事,与前丞相有一拼,相当于现在的总理。

张廷玉为国务院总理,中宣部,外交部,教育部,文化部,财政部长,组织部长等,这些官职在朝廷中都有很大的影响力和地位。而张廷玉能够担任这一职务,并经过了三代人的历练,也证明了他具有极高的政治智慧和才能。

因此,永远不要说张廷玉没有政治智慧,他的智慧远远超过我们。对于这些网络喷子来说,我只想说,国家不请你们真是国家的损失。

大家可能太过关注张廷玉的工作,而忽视了他的兼职,要知道张廷玉兼任翰林院、国史馆、修书馆等职,他的主要作品之一便是《明史》。在编撰《明史》的思想工作中,张廷玉是需要迎合圣意的,因此对明朝的一些重大事件、人物,他不可能不关心。

所以问题就来了,你认为他会去注意张居正吗?身为明王朝的重臣,张居正是《明史》中不可多得的人物,张廷玉当然也知道他的经历。见张居正死后,皇帝为了铲除张居正的势力,将张居正请来的潘晟一网打尽,然后剥去他的一切赏赐,抄下张居正的家谱,将他的家人都流放了,还险些将开馆的鞭尸埋了,难道他还会汗流浃背吗?

从古至今,权臣的结局基本上都是惨淡的,要么在他们生前就被皇帝所杀,要么人死族灭,能够善终的权臣寥寥无几。所以问题就来了,如果皇帝死了,是皇帝的政敌对他下手呢?如果一个人对政治有敏锐的洞察力,如果他是政界的不老者,张廷玉肯定会“思退”。一定有人会说我是在过度解读历史,难道真的就是在过度解读历史?这不一定。

《清史稿·张廷玉传》:顾以在政地久,两家子子孙孙,渐且争权,角门户户,高宗烛几摧萌,不使成朋党之祸,非二臣之幸?

“二子”指张廷玉、鄂尔泰两大集团的势力。但张廷玉、鄂尔泰二人是雍正的宠臣,经过几十年的发展,他们也逐渐形成了利益集团,或为姻亲,或为师徒,或为门徒,一群官吏紧密地联合在一起,形成了两大集团或满汉分庭抗礼的局面。

满族的官员要有更大的生存空间那就得打击汉人官员,汉人官员也是如此。那叫做党争,是统治者不愿看到的事情。清初因稳定局势而默许这类党争,但乾隆时期政权已基本稳固,如果党争再继续下去,则极有可能加剧民族矛盾,最终走向分裂。

假如这是危言耸听,那我们就暂时把满汉对立因素放在一边。”“一朝天子一朝臣”这一道理永远不会错,乾隆登基后必定以自立为王,取代雍正为王,张廷玉必然要下台。因此张廷玉很识趣,他在乾隆坐稳后一直请退,这是主动让路啊。而张廷玉请退的时间暗合鄂尔泰的死期,乾隆十年鄂尔泰死后,乾隆十一年张廷玉便开始频繁请退。

"识时务者为俊杰",鄂尔泰没有了,还留着张廷玉干什么?要是真的要等皇帝动手,那张廷玉可什么也捞不到,不如被整个儿下台,还不如身败名裂。但乾隆不同意,因为如果张廷玉在乾隆十一年就退休了,那是个人都明白张廷玉是用来压制鄂尔泰的工具。因此乾隆对张廷玉的挽留,就是要塑造一个尊老爱幼的形象。

在挽留过程中,双方的冲突愈演愈烈。张廷玉退休的理由是“年过七十”,按规定应该退休。但乾隆挽留的理由是“武侯鞠躬尽瘁”,武侯死了,你也要死在任上。张廷玉还有什么办法?皇帝只能一步一步地要求退休。其后果就是乾隆反对,并不断抬高张廷玉。要取之,必先取之。怎样戳破泡沫?加快吹。怎样解决张廷玉的力量?将其抬高,使之与众人对立。

为什么张廷玉只想退休?

由于他知道自己活不了几年,即使皇帝再赐他大权,也不会多久就会归还。要是他有权力,他的集团要的是利益,难道就不能虚伪吗?假如他再次冒犯,他死后,皇帝、政敌会报复他的家庭吗?民以食为天,赵立春是怎么说的呢?以前总是希望全世界都知道我,现在希望全世界都忘记我。为了避免打击报复,官员们都希望在退休前将他忘掉。

同理,如何避免被整[文]死?蓄意作死张廷玉[章]开始装腔作势,逼迫[来]皇帝写保证书,以给[自]皇帝一个完整自己的[历]理由。这可以让皇帝[史]整他,但不能整死他[大],毕竟有点儿借题发[全]挥。下一步是剧情重[网]演——张廷玉。为何[文]说张廷玉死?他简单[章]地避开了军机处的系[来]统。一般都是皇帝授[自]命,军机处下达命令[历],然后执行。雍正想[史]治罪,军机处还没有[大]下达命令,张廷玉怎[全]么会知道?一定是军[网]机处的人来报信了,[文]那皇帝有理由收拾军[章]机处啊。

作为军机处的一把手,张廷玉的体制就是出自他手的(军机处最初设置,职制均由廷玉决定)。其行为是蓄意兜售破绽,让乾隆名正言顺地收拾军机处,建立以乾隆为首的政体,取代以张廷玉为首的政体。当张廷玉一死,朝廷开始大变样,张廷玉的势力也成了过去式。

这当然是有史可循的。其中有明文规定:张廷玉的亲家朱荃被判处死刑,张廷玉连坐。这位朱荃是干什么的?四川学政编修,这官掌管教育,掌管科举。大家都看过了,为什么高玉良能搞个“汉大帮”呢?正是因为他们都是政法出身,人家都要称他为“高师”。走出四川的官员都要称朱荃为“朱老师”,与朱和张又是密不可分的,两人被绑得紧紧的。

而张廷玉在家乡也颇有影响,“天下缙绅、张姚二家占尽二分之一”,张廷玉就是张廷玉的家族,姚家就是与张家世代通婚的大家族。张氏、姚氏、朱氏三家,天下缙绅占三分之一,这是一个多么大的集团,皇帝怎能不操心?而张廷玉长期掌管科举,科举者大多经过张廷玉身边,他们会不会还亲切地称呼一句“张老师”?

被乾隆皇帝整过的张[来]廷玉,大家都知道他[自]已经失势了,那就该[历]做选择了。有人留在[史]这艘船上,像祁同伟[大]一样随它沉没;有些[全]人选择换船,比如李[网]达康,继续他们的职[文]业生涯。但到了张廷[章]玉晚年,就没人再找[来]张廷玉了,张家的门[自]可罗雀。假如非要打[历]个比方,张廷玉是赵[史]立春,朱荃是高玉良[大],张廷玉是汉大帮。[全]

拆散了张廷玉集团,除掉了朱荃,下一步该是正派一点,毕竟张廷玉地位特殊。到了晚年,乾隆并没有赶走张廷玉,而是在乾隆二十年去世。至乾隆五十年,又见张廷玉以前所著的一篇文章,连连赞叹道:“廷玉有此卓识,乃未见及。臣将遵照皇帝的诏书,尽心尽力地为皇帝服务。古代的人都是老成持重的,朕以廷玉戒为戒,且为廷玉惜之。”在整整半天时间里,张廷玉与享太庙的政治权利再一次交还给了他们,并且肯定了张廷玉的贡献,自己还虚情假意的表示,一句话也概括了张廷玉晚年所引发的政治斗争。

但在张廷玉看来,这一结果还不错,他的决策也更高明。别的权臣人死后,自己什么都没有,只有五年的苦役,配享太庙的政治权利还是他的,而且家族子女什么都没有。张廷玉送了乾隆一程,乾隆并没有白让张廷玉坐上五年的冷板凳,在张廷玉死后继续为其家族提供庇护。再也没有政治敌人来打击张廷玉的后人了,而且,在乾隆五十五年,张若金还请他来吃过“千叟宴”,御赐书榜上有一幅。尽管饭菜不多,但政治意义重大,至少也认可了张家的做法。就像高玉良拿着自己和高小琴的相片作威作福一样,这就是所谓的狗仗人势。


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